Here is a list of top twenty-five interview questions on ecology which help you to succeed in an interview.
Q. 1. Define ecology.
Ans. According to Haeckel (1869) ecology is “the science treating the reciprocal relations of organisms and the external world”. Warming (1905) defined ecology as “the study of organisms in relation to their environment”.
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Q.2. Give the names of five foreign ecologists of international fame.
Ans. Haeckel, Warming, Odum, Clements, Taylor.
Q.3. Give the names of five Indian workers on ecology.
Ecology, Evolution, and Plant Science. Ogy, ecology, engineering ecosystem restoration, catchments manage-ment, wetland and conservation policy, and socio-economics. Read and print PDF fi les of book chapters when and where you want Don’t wait! Get immediate access to the book. Odum Fundamentals of Ecology. Uploaded by elizstrov. Europeanand Russian lirerarure,are roughly equivalent to community and ecosystem At first, (such as plant ecology and the field was rarher sharply divided along. Word, txt, kindle, pdf, zip, rar and also ppt. One of them is this certified.
Ans. R. Mishra, G.S. Puri, S.C. Pandeya, P.S. Ramakrishnan, R.S. Ambasth.
Q. 4. Define autecology.
Ans. The science dealing with the relation of individual species to its environment is called autecology.
Q. 5. What is synecology?
Ans. The study of the groups of organisms in relation with their environment is made under synecology.
Q. 6. What are the basic branches of synecology?
Ans. Population ecology, Community ecology, Biome ecology, Ecosystem ecology, etc.
![Definition of plant ecology Definition of plant ecology](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bruce_Wilcox4/publication/266211170/figure/fig2/AS:392260656091138@1470533636572/Figure-14-Carbon-cycle-from-Odum-1993.png)
Q. 7. What are the types of ecological factors?
Ans. Climatic factors (light, temperature, rainfall, humidity, etc.), Topographic factors, edaphic factors and biotic factors.
Q. 8. What is phytogeography?
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Ans. The science which deals with the geographical distribution of plants is called phytogeography.
Q. 9. Define genecology.
Ans. The study of ecology which deals with the variations of species based upon their genetic potentialities.
Q. 10. What are the chief topographic factors?
Ans. The important topographic factors are height of mountains, direction of mountains and valleys, steepness of the slopes, exposure of slope, etc.
Q. 11. What do you know about edaphic factors?
Ans. The ecological factors in which we study the structure and composition of soil, as well as its chemical and physical characters.
Q. 12. Define a soil profile.
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Ans. Soil profile is an imaginary longitudinal section of the soil showing its different regions. The different regions are horizon ‘A’, horizon ‘B’, horizon ‘C’ and horizon ‘D’. The soil is actually devisible into top soil and sub-soil.
Q. 13. What are the range of diameters of particles of clay, silt and fine sandy soil?
Ans. Clay soil – Less than 0.002 m.m.
Silty soil -0.002-0.02 m.m.
Fine sandy soil -0.02-0.20 m.m.
Q. 14. What are the types of soil erosion?
Ans. Chief types of soil erosion are water erosion (sheet erosion, rill erosion, and gully erosion), wind erosion, landslides or slip erosion, and over felling and overgrazing.
Q. 15. Define in brief the soil conservation.
Ans. Various methods of checking the soil erosion are studied under soil conservation.
Q. 16. Name some free-floating hydrophytes.
Ans. Azolla, Eichhornia, Lemna, Pistia, Salvinia, Spirodella, Wolfia, etc.
Q. 17. Name only four rooted-submerged hydrophytes.
Ans. Hydrilla, Isoetes, Potamogeton and Vallisneria.
Q. 18. Name some succulent xerophytes.
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Ans. Opuntia, Aloe, Agave, Euphorbia splendens, Cereus, Mammalaria, etc.
Q. 19. Name some ephemeral annual xerophytes.
Ans. Argemonemaxicana, Solanum xanthocarpum, Cassia tora, etc.
Q. 20. Define ecological succession.
Ans. Sequential occurrence of communities over a period of time in the same area is called ‘ecological succession’.
Q. 21. What are the sequential stages of a hydrosere or hydrarch?
Ans. Phytoplankton stage, Rooted-submerged stage, Rooted-floating stage, Reed-swamp stage, Sedge-meadow stage, Woodland stage and Forest stage or Climax.
Q. 22. What are the sequential stages of a xerosere on rock?
Ans. Crustose lichen stage, Foliose lichen stage, Moss stage, Herb stage, Shrub stage and Forest stage or Climax.
Q. 23. What are the types of ecological pyramids?
Ans. Pyramids of number, pyramids of biomass and pyramids of energy.
Q. 24. Define pollution?
Ans. According to E.P. Odum (1971) the “pollution is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of our air, land and water that may or will waste or deteriorate our raw material resources”.
Q. 25. What are the various agencies of pollution?
Ans. Sewage, industrial wastes, smoke, automobile exhausts, herbicides, insecticides, noise and radioactive substances are the main agencies of pollution.
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(Redirected from Eugene P. Odum)
Born | September 17, 1913 Newport, New Hampshire, USA |
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Died | August 10, 2002 (aged 88) |
Residence | USA |
Nationality | American |
Alma mater | University of Illinois (Ph.D.) |
Known for | pioneering the concept of the ecosystem; the interdependence of divergent ecosystems as the basis of how the earth functions |
Awards | Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement(1977) Crafoord Prize(1987) |
Scientific career | |
Fields | ecologist, mathematician, natural philosopher, and systems ecologist |
Institutions | University of Georgia |
Eugene Pleasants Odum (September 17, 1913 – August 10, 2002) was an American biologist at the University of Georgia known for his pioneering work on ecosystem ecology. He and his brother Howard T. Odum wrote the popular ecology textbook, Fundamentals of Ecology (1953). The Odum School of Ecology is named in his honor.
- 4Work
Biography[edit]
Son of the sociologistHoward W. Odum, and older brother of the ecologist Howard T. Odum, E.P. Odum credited his father for imparting a holistic approach to exploring subjects. When contemplating where to conduct his advanced graduate work, he rejected both the University of Michigan and Cornell University, as he did not feel that this holism was embodied in their approach to their biology departments.[1]
Instead, he chose the Graduate Department of Zoology at the University of Illinois, where he earned his doctorate degree. There Odum was a student of Victor Shelford, whose efforts led to the establishment of The Nature Conservancy.[1]
After getting his Ph.D. in 1939, Odum was hired to be the first resident biologist at the Edmund Niles Huyck Preserve and Biological Research Station, in Rensselaerville, New York. The 430-acre preserve had been founded in 1931 and its research station established in 1938. The Preserve’s first summer research fellows, also selected in 1939, were Edward C. Raney[2] and Donald Griffin. Raney, who had just finished his Ph.D. at Cornell, studied green frogs and bullfrogs; he went on to become a leading ichthyologist (zoologist who studies fish). Griffin, who was completing his Ph.D. at Harvard, did research on bat echolocation (he later became famous for that work).[3]
Marriage and family[edit]
Odum and Martha Ann Huff, whom he had met as a student, married at her home in Wilmette, Illinois, on November 18, 1939. She continued her work as an artist. Odum was very proud of Martha's accomplishments as an artist. She often painted landscapes when traveling with her husband across the US and overseas. Martha Ann Odum joined her husband in Rensselaerville, where he continued to work at the Huyck Preserve. His research included studying chickadees and—more important for his future as an ecologist—inventorying the plants and preparing a habitat map. His purpose was to establish a basis for succession studies of the land so man could plan and manage ecosystems. He and Martha had two sons, William Eugene and Daniel Thomas Odum. Their son William died young, in his 40s, but had already made important contributions to science while a faculty member at the University of Virginia.[3]
Academic career at University of Georgia[edit]
In September 1940, Odum took a job as an instructor of biology at the University of Georgia (Athens, Georgia).[4] In the late 1940s, while serving on the University's biology faculty committee, which was then drawing up a new curriculum, he concluded there was an urgent need to incorporate the subject of ecology, since he learned that his colleagues generally did not know what ecology (in its own right) might be. He founded the Institute of Ecology, later named for him.
In 2007 the Institute of Ecology, which Odum founded at the University of Georgia, was named as the Odum School of Ecology, the first stand-alone academic unit of a research university dedicated to ecology.[4] Odum also founded two field research stations as a faculty member at the University of Georgia: the University of Georgia Marine Institute and the Savannah River Ecology Lab.
Work[edit]
Ecosystems[edit]
In the 1940s and 1950s, 'ecology' was not yet a field of study that had been defined as a separate discipline. Even professional biologists seemed to Odum to be generally under-educated about how the Earth's ecological systems interact with one another. Odum brought forward the importance of ecology as a discipline that should be a fundamental dimension of the training of a biologist.
Odum adopted and developed further the term 'ecosystem'. Although sometimes said to have been coined by Raymond Lindeman in 1942, the term 'ecosystem' first appeared in a 1935 publication by the Britishecologist, Arthur Tansley,[5] and had in 1930 been coined by Tansley's colleague, Roy Clapham. Before Odum, the ecology of specific organisms and environments had been studied on a more limited scale within individual sub-disciplines of biology. Many scientists doubted that it could be studied on a large scale, or as a discipline in itself.
Odum wrote a textbook on ecology with his brother, Howard Thomas Odum, a graduate student at Yale. The Odum brothers' book (first edition, 1953), Fundamentals of Ecology, was the only textbook in the field for about ten years. Among other things, the Odums explored how one natural system can interact with another.
Environmentalism[edit]
While Odum did wish to influence the knowledge base and thinking of fellow biologists and of college and university students, his historical role was not as a promoter of public environmentalism as we now know it. However, his dedication in his 1963 book, Ecology, expressed that his father had inspired him to 'seek more harmonious relationships between man and nature'.
By 1970, when the first Earth Day was organized, Odum's conception of the living Earth as a global set of interlaced ecosystems became one of the key insights of the environmental movement that has since spread through the world. He was, however, an independent thinker who was at times, gently critical of the slogans and fashionable concepts of the environmentalist movement.
Legacy[edit]
Odum's will stipulated that, after his death, his 26 acres (110,000 m2) on the Middle Oconee River in Athens, Ga. would be sold and developed according to plans he laid out before his death. He would often show friends and colleagues hand sketched plans for his vision of this green community. Plans included that over 50 percent of the property would be protected greenspace and walking trails, managed by the Oconee River Land Trust. Profits from the sale of the land would go to the Eugene and William Odum Ecology Fund, after $1 million is set aside for a professorial chair at UGA in Odum's name. The land was sold to builder John Willis Homes who is honoring Odum’s wishes at Beech Creek Preserve.[6]
Odum's financial contributions were focused on not only the University of Georgia, but also the University of Virginia given his son's faculty appointment there, and the University of North Carolina where his father was a prolific scholar. Ultimately, his wealth—partly the product of book royalties—benefited those institutions that he respected. The Ecological Society of America offers the Eugene P. Odum Award for Excellence in Ecology Education, which was endowed by, and named for, Odum.[7]
Publications[edit]
- Books
- 1939. Variations in the heart rate of birds: a study in physiological ecology
- 1953. Fundamentals of Ecology. With Howard T. Odum.
- 1963. Ecology
- 1975. Ecology, the link between the natural and the social sciences
- 1983. Basic Ecology
- 1993. Ecology and Our Endangered Life Support Systems
- 1998. Ecological Vignettes: Ecological Approaches to Dealing with Human Predicament
- 2000. Essence of Place (co-authored with Martha Odum)
- Articles, a selection
- 1969. The Strategy of Ecosystem Development
- Comparison of population energy flow of a herbivorous and a deposit-feeding invertebrate in a salt marsh ecosystem (with Alfred E. Smalley)
- About Odum
- Rotabi, K. S. (2008). Ecological theory origin from natural to social science or vice versa? : A brief conceptual history for social work. Advances in Social Work, 8 (1), 113-123. (Online)
- Craige, Betty Jean (2001). Eugene Odum : ecosystem ecologist and environmentalist. Athens, Ga. [u.a.]: Univ. of Georgia Press. ISBN0-8203-2281-4.[8]
References[edit]
- ^ abSmith, S. & Mark, S. (2009). 'The Historical Roots of the Nature Conservancy in the Northwest Indiana/Chicagoland Region: From Science to Preservation'. The South Shore Journal, 3. 'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2015-11-22.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^Robbins, Timothy; Collette, Bruce; Robins, Richard (December 18, 1992). 'Edward C. Raney, 1909-84'. Copeia. 1992 (4): 1143–1150. JSTOR1446660.
- ^ abCraige, Betty Jean (2001). Eugene Odum : Ecosystem Ecologist and Environmentalist. Athens, Ga. [u.a.]: Univ. of Georgia Press. ISBN0-8203-2281-4.
- ^ abMarine, Tom (December 7, 2007). 'Ecology school 'small with big ideas''. The Red and Black. The Red and Black Publishing Company. Archived from the original on January 9, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^Tansley, AG (1935). 'The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms'. Ecology. 16: 284–307. doi:10.2307/1930070.
- ^'Beech Creek Preserve Official site'. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^Ecological Society of America 'Eugene P. Odum Award for Excellence in Ecology Education' Accessed July 21, 2019.
- ^Joyce, Kate M. (1 December 2003). 'Review of Eugene Odum by Betty Jean Craige'. BioScience. 53 (12): 1229–1230. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[1229:AOTO]2.0.CO;2.
External links[edit]
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- Eugene Odum — Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
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